The Difference Between Formal and Informal Writing

When it comes to writing in English, there are two main styles of writing - formal and informal. Consider these two examples:

Example 1:

This is to inform you that your Book has been rejected by our publishing company as it was not up to the required standard. In case you would like us to reconsider it, we would suggest that you go over it and make some necessary changes.

Example 2:
You know that Book I wrote? Well, the publishing company rejected it. They thought it was awful. But hey, I did the best I could, and I think it was great. I'm not gonna redo it the way they said I should.

The difference between the two is obvious. The first one is formal, and the second is informal. But what is it that makes them formal and informal?

It is the style of writing, or the way we use words to say what we want to say. Different situations call for different ways of putting words together. The way we write in academic and scientific settings differs greatly from the way we write to a friend or close one. The tone, vocabulary, and syntax, all change as the occasion changes. This difference in the styles of writing is the difference between formality and informality, or the difference between formal and informal writing.

Following is a list of some of the main differences between informal and formal writing:

Informal: May use colloquial words/expressions (kids, guy, awesome, a lot, etc.)

Formal: Avoid using colloquial words/expressions (substitute with children, man/boy, wonderful, many, etc.)

Informal: May use contractions (can't, won't, shouldn't, etc.).

Formal: Avoid contractions (write out full words - cannot, will not, should not, etc.).

Informal: May use first, second, or third person.

Formal: Write in third person (except in business letters where first person may be used).

Informal: May use clichés (loads of, conspicuous by absence, etc.)

Formal: Avoid clichés (use many, was absent, etc.)

Informal: May address readers using second person pronouns (you, your, etc)

Formal: Avoid addressing readers using second person pronouns (use one, one's, the reader, the reader's, etc.)

Informal: May use abbreviated words (photo, TV, etc)

Formal: Avoid using abbreviated words (use full versions - like photograph, television, etc.)

Informal: May use imperative voice (e.g. Remember....)

Formal: Avoid imperative voice (use Please refer to.....)

Informal: May use active voice (e.g. We have notice that.....)

Formal: Use passive voice (e.g. It has been noticed that....)

Informal: May use short and simple sentences.

Formal: Longer and more complex sentences are preferred (short simple sentences reflects poorly on the writer)

Informal: Difficulty of subject may be acknowledged and empathy shown to the reader.

Formal: State your points confidently and offer your argument firm support.

These are just some of the differences between formal and informal writing. The main thing to remember is that both are correct, it is just a matter of tone and setting. Formal English is used mainly in academic writing and business communications, whereas Informal English is casual and is appropriate when communicating with friends and other close ones. Choose the style of writing keeping in mind what you are writing and to whom. But whichever style you write in - formal or informal - be sure to keep it consistent, do not mix the two.

The Language and Meaning of Flowers

Sweet flowers alone can say what passion fears revealing

Thomas Hood poem, The Language of Flowers

Flowers and bouquets of flowers have a meaning of their own. Most of us know that a dozen red roses means, "Be mine." But did you know, for example, that a primrose means, "I can't live without you," or that a purple hyacinth means, "Please forgive me," or that a pink carnation means, "I'll never forget you," or that a gladiolus means, "Give me a break?"

Flower meanings have been used to convey ideas, feelings and messages for centuries. The word, floriography, has been coined for the assignment of meaning to flowers. There is a meaning to colors of flowers, to numbers of flowers, and to groups of flowers. It is a silent Language that has been largely lost to us through lack of use.

In addition to the obvious choices of color and variety, the Language of flowers also includes the way flowers are worn or presented. Presenting flowers upright conveys a positive meaning, but if they are presented upside down the meaning is the opposite. If a ribbon is included with the flowers and is tied to the left then the meaning of the flowers refers to the giver, but if the ribbon is tied to the right then the meaning refers to the recipient. Also, flowers can be used to answer questions. When they are presented with the right hand the answer is "yes," but when presented with the left hand the answer is "no."

History

The Turks in the 17th century seemed to develop flower meanings. In 1718 the wife of the British ambassador to Constantinople, Lady Mary Wortley, wrote a letter expounding on the "Secret Language of Flowers" that she had discovered during her visits to Turkey. Europe quickly picked up on the concept.

In 1819 Louise Cortambert, under the pen name, Madame Charlotte de la Tour, wrote and published what seems to have been the first dictionary of the flower language entitled, Le Language des Fleurs. It was a small Book, but it became a popular reference on the subject.

During the Victorian era, the reign of Queen Victoria from 1837 to 1901, the meaning and language of flowers became increasingly popular. Victorian women especially picked up the silent language that allowed them to communicate feelings and meanings that the strict propriety of the times would not allow. Tussie-mussies, a bouquet of flowers wrapped with a lace doily and tied with a satin ribbon became a popular and valued gift of the times.

In 1884 a whole Book on the subject and entitled, The Language of Flowers, by Jean Marsh and illustrated by Kate Greenaway, was published in London. It became popular and respected and has been the standard source for Victorian flower meaning ever since.

Selected Flower Meanings

Here are some selected flowers and their meanings, a short dictionary.

Almond flowers -- Hope

Anemone -- Forsaken

Aster -- Symbol of love

Balm -- Sympathy

Basil -- Best wishes

Bay leaf -- "I change but in death"

Bell flower, white -- Gratitude

Bergamot -- Irresistible

Bluebell -- Constancy

Borage -- Courage

Broom -- Humility

Campanula -- Gratitude

Carnation, pink -- I'll never forget you

Carnation, red -- My poor heart aches for you

Carnation, striped -- Refusal

China rose -- Beauty always new

Chrysanthemum -- Love

Clover, four leaved -- "Be mine"

Coreopsis -- Love at first sight

Cuckoo pint -- Ardor

Daffodil -- Regard

Daisy -- Innocence, new-born, "I share your sentiment"

Fennel -- Flattery

Fern -- Sincerity

Forget-Me-Not -- True love

Furze or Gorse -- Enduring affection

French Marigold -- Jealousy

Gardenia -- Ecstasy

Gentian -- Loveliness

Geranium -- "You are childish"

Hare bell -- Grief

Heartsease -- "I am always thinking of you"

Honeysuckle -- Bonds of love

Heather -- Admiration

Hyacinth -- I am sorry, Please forgive me

Ice Plant -- "Your appearance freezes me"

Ivy -- Fidelity, friendship, marriage

Jasmine -- Grace

Jonquil -- "I hope for return of affection"

Lavender -- Luck, devotion

Lemon Balm -- Sympathy

Lilac -- First love

Lily -- Purity, modesty

Lily of the Valley -- Purity, the return of happiness

Lily, Calla -- Beauty

Marigold -- Health, grief or despair

Marjoram -- Kindness, courtesy

Myrtle -- Fidelity

Oregano -- Joy

Orchid -- Love, beauty, refinement

Pansy -- Loving thoughts

Periwinkle -- Happy memory

Phlox -- Agreement

Poppy, red -- Consolation

Primrose -- I can't live without you

Rose, cabbage -- Ambassador of love

Rose, red -- Love

Rose, pink -- Grace, beauty

Rose, yellow -- Friendship

Rosemary -- Remembrance, constancy

Rue -- Contrition

Sage -- Gratitude, domestic virtue

Snowdrop -- Hope

Star of Bethlehem -- Purity

Sweet Pea -- Departure, tender memory

Sweet William -- Gallantry

Tuberose -- Voluptuousness

Tulip, red -- My perfect lover, Reclamation of love

Violet -- Loyalty, modesty, humility

Violet, blue -- Faithfulness

Wormwood -- Grief

Wheat -- Riches of the continuation of life

Willow, weeping -- Mourning

Wallflower -- Fidelity

Yew -- Sorrow

The Rose

The Rose is the flower whose meaning we most understand, but here are some details of the meaning of the Rose that may be of further interest.

Rose, Black - You are my obsession

Rose, Champagne - You are tender and loving

Rose, Leonidas - Sweet love

Rose, Nicole - You are graceful and elegant, aristocratic

Rose, Orange - You are my secret love

Rose, Pink - Brilliant complexion; the glow of your smile; perfect happiness

Rose, Red - Passionate love; I love you

Rose, Single Stems - Simplicity

Rose, White - I am worthy of you; spiritual love; Innocence and Purity; Secrecy and Silence

Rose, White and Red - We are inseparable

Rose, White and Red Mixed - Unity; Flower emblem of England

Rose, White, Dried - Death is preferable to loss of virtue

Rose, Yellow - Friendship; Jealousy; I am not worthy

Rose, Bridal - Happy Love

Rose, Dark Crimson - Mourning

Rose, Hibiscus - Delicate beauty

Rose, Tea - I'll remember always

Rose, Thornless - Love at first sight

Roses, Bouquet of Mature Blooms - Gratitude

Multiple Roses

Single bloom red Rose - Love at first sight or I still love you

Single Rose, any color - Gratitude or simplicity

2 Roses - Mutual feelings

3 Roses - I love you

7 Roses - I'm infatuated with you

9 Roses - We'll be together forever

10 Roses - You are perfect

11 Roses - You are my treasured one

12 Roses - Be mine

13 Roses - Friends forever

15 Roses - I'm truly sorry

20 Roses - I'm truly sincere towards you

21 Roses - I'm dedicated to you

24 Roses - Forever yours

25 Roses - Congratulations

50 Roses - Unconditional love

99 Roses - I will love you all the days of my life

108 Roses - Will you marry me?

999 Roses - I love you till the end of time

What To Do

With the lists above you should be able to assemble a meaningful gift of flowers or a bouquet that conveys a complex thought. Wrap the flowers appropriately and present them in a significant manner. Then, just to be certain that your efforts are not misinterpreted, include a card that fully explains the meaning of your flowers.

After a few flower presentations you should be able to drop the explanatory notes and begin enjoying and sharing the silent language of flowers.

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Learning Sign Language Free Online - How to Learn Sign Language For Free

Learning Sign Language for free online can be a challenge. Being able to learn it isn't something that you could easily just setup a Language exchange like with most other Languages. No, with this Language you need a comprehensive and interactive program that can help you understand the gestures (signs) used to represent the words in English. Language learning programs that allow you to learn signed language interactively via your computer.

Sign language originated in the 17th century in Madrid, Spain and was created as a reduction of letters and art for teaching mute people to speak. It is a language that is conveyed through visually transmitted sign patterns by the body to communicated the expressions and thoughts of the speak. It is commonly used in by deaf people, or by people that have someone they know are deaf so that they can interpret and communicate on behalf of them.

Do you have a deaf friend or family member and want to communicate with them? Do you currently work with deaf people, or would you like to enhance your career prospects with another great skill? Do you want to become a Sign Language interpreter? If so, then why not try to begin learning it for free online with specific language learning programs.

To accelerate you learning sign language, why not try the method which is more interesting and effective than standard text Books, which can only display static signs. Language learning software, which turns your computer into virtual teacher of of the language allows you to learn the language naturally.

Learning sign language free online with software programs available online is the fastest and proven way to learn signed language. This is because of the interaction it allows, using moving signs, audio lessons, picture and text courses to get you communicating and understanding sign language faster and more effective than ever before, so you can be communicating to people in need within days.

Developing English Language Speaking and Conversation Skills in LEP Learners

Focus on Speaking

When asked by the Department Director to "focus on developing speaking ability" with a group of adult university learners supposedly in the upper intermediate level, I embarked on a program involving multiple integrated skills. These were LEP learners with passable knowledge of grammar, but below-standard oral communications skills. Their English Language speaking skills needed urgent development.

Speaking and listening are complimentary Language skills. (S. Thornbury, 2002; Brown and Yule, 1983) "If you can say it, you'll understand it when you hear it", is a mantra I've taught and learned language by for more than a decade of my English language teaching experience.

Useful Criteria

In developing speaking and conversation skills I've found the following strategies to be useful:

o Use a survey or questionnaire to determine learner interests, background, learning styles, etc. (L.M. Lynch, 2004)

o Play speaking and vocabulary games for practice

o Give frequent and regularly recorded oral evaluations
(M. Thompson, 2001; Eggan / Kauchak, 1994; Hilles ref. by Thompson, 2001)

A Speech Development Program

Preparing a speech development program begins with an oral evaluation of each learner. A voice recorder or video camera both are useful aids. Played back, the teacher then has opportunity to analyze speech patterns and problems in more detail, noting such aspects as:

o Pronunciation (G. Kelly, 2003)

o Connected speech (G. Kelly, 2003)

o Grammar use in context (M. Swan, C. Walter, 2002)

o Discourse markers

o Fluency

o Vocabulary / lexis use in context (A: Worrall,1965; H. Setzler, 1981; R. Dixson, 1983)

Analysis Tools

A video recorder (analog or digital) allows the teacher to make note of physical mannerisms that accompany the learners' speech as well as the speech itself. Relevant and recordable speech-associated traits (C. Ashcroft, 1993) include:

o Rocking motion of the body or head

o Arm, hand and / or facial gestures

o Foot tapping, leg swaying

o Posture, head and / or body positions

o Other physical idiosyncrasies

A survey or questionnaire which takes the learners only a few minutes to check off, select or answer short questions can provide needed, in-depth information on their interests, hobbies, family, preferred learning styles, motivations and other aspects essential in preparing and conducting an effective speaking development program.

Effective Speaking Practice Activities

A selection of speaking practice activities to offer multiple opportunities for oral discourse must be programmed. Although many learners are shy or self-conscious about speaking in front of others, with practice, this soon diminishes to manageable levels as learners gain confidence.

Effective Activities are ones such as:

o Speech - generating Games (A. Lloyd, A. Prier,2000; J. Hadfield, 1984)

o Oral communication - based short activities (P. Ur, A. Wright, 1996)

o Oral presentations (D. Gutierrez, 2005)

o Dialogues (E. Hall, 1967)

Summary

Since speaking and listening are complimentary language skills, by applying a program based on complimentary speaking and listening comprehension development, learners can improve their English language speaking and conversation skills by using multiple integrated skills-based activities. Using language experience with adults (K. Kennedy, S. Roeder, 1975) and teaching vocabulary / lexis in context are highly beneficial in speaking skills development. (V. French, 1983) Regular practice, assignments and oral production involving a spectrum of oral discourse methods will be an invaluable resource for both the English language learners and the English language teacher.

Top Reasons That Made English a Dominant Language

If you can speak English, you will probably be able to communicate with someone in just about any major country you could visit. While not everyone speaks this Language, English is truly a dominant Language spoken by millions across the globe. Experts state that around a third of the world's population speaks English as their native Language, and many more study it as a second Language. What caused English to spread beyond the bounds of the British Isles and become such an important player in global communication? The answer begins with a look at the language's original speakers, the English.

English Dominance in the 19th Century

In the 19th century the British Empire was truly a global empire. As some said at the time, "the sun never sets on the British Empire." Great Britain held colonies on every continent, and the trade language in those areas was English. By the end of the 19th century, the British Empire's reach was global, and the language was also becoming global. This influence continued into the 1900s, and by 1922 the British Empire had an influence over around 458 million people, close to a quarter of the world population of the time, which meant that knowing English was important.

The Rise of America as a Global Power

Even though it is a relatively young country in light of world history, the United States has become a global superpower, specifically after World War II. America has a hand in politics, economics, and culture around the world. As such, English is becoming more and more important as a global language. When you add the influence of America in today's global economy to the historic and current influence of Great Britain, understanding English becomes almost essential to carrying out business in the current economic market.

English Is the Language of Technology and Science

As you browse the World Wide Web, you will find that most websites are in English or have an English translation available. This shows how influential English is in the world of technology. Since many of the technological devices created across the globe are marketed heavily in America, they are designed with English-speaking users in mind. You can see this in the design of the computer keyboard. Most standard keyboards contain the standard letters of the English alphabet, which is further proof that English is the language of technology.

In addition, English is the language of science. The Science Citation Index reports that over 95 percent of all of its documents are English documents, even though a majority of them are writing by non-native English speakers. The medical community also uses English as a unifying language, making it essential for doctors to learn if they wish to be able to read reports and journals about the latest medical breakthroughs.

English is the Language of International Organizations

When multiple countries come together, they must choose a language to speak. Often the language chosen is English. The official language of the United Nations, for instance, is English. The same is true for the International Olympic Committee. At the Olympics, announcements are made in the language of the host country and in English. English is also one of the official languages of the European Union.

Other Uses of English Cause It to Have Global Impact

English is the international language of many industries, including banking, computing, business, diplomacy, and even entertainment. An international treaty aimed at making communication easier made English the official language of aviation and maritime activities.

The list of industries or functions where English is one of the main languages spoken is truly never ending. The simple fact is that since the late 1800s, English has been spoken in more locations across the globe than any other language, and that fact, coupled with the economic and political power of the United States and Great Britain, means that English will continue to have massive impact on the global economy in the future.

Learn English in the Comfort of your own home!

How to Put Music Onto a MP3 Player?

If you are one of those million people who had taken the chance to follow the trend by getting your very first MP3 player, you may be in for some help. Most newbies may not easily understand the mechanics of putting music files onto their MP3 players. Besides, these innovative musical devices are not being sold in the market with a pre-downloaded music files.

So if you are not yet knowledgeable of the device, these simple guides on how to put music onto a MP3 player will absolutely help you out and start rocking your world with blasting great music.

1. Get a good installation software for music management

The success of downloading music file onto your MP3 player will greatly depend on the kind of installation software that you have. Not all of these software are created equal. Hence, it is best to consider the right device first before you start making plans of downloading the newest music files from the Internet.

2. Install the software

You cannot download files onto your MP3 player if you will not install first onto your personal computer the software capable of managing your music files.

Music management software provides optimum services that enable you to organize your music files, convert different music format into mp3 and vice versa, or search good-to-download mp3 files in the Internet.

3. Identify the source

After installing the music management software, you have to determine now the source of your music files. This can be either a CD or a collection of music files from a virtual music store in the Internet. You may use your old music from your CDs and install them onto your MP3 player. In this way, you can listen to them anywhere, anytime.

4. Convert into MP3 format

In most cases, downloadable music files from the Internet are already available in MP3 format. So that would not pose much of a problem.

However, if you will be downloading music files from a CD, you have to convert them into MP3 format because most CD music files are not on this format.

You may use your music management software to rip the files from the CD and convert them into MP3 format using the applicable functions.

5. Connect, select, and party on!

The last thing that you have to do in putting your music onto a MP3 player is to connect your MP3 player to your PC via the USB port. Once accessed from the computer, you can now easily transfer your music files from your PC down to your MP3 player. Within a few minutes, you can already start listening to your favorite songs and party on!

Indeed, these tips on how to put music onto a MP3 player are easy to understand. With the right tools, the right software, and the best MP3 player, you can be sure of an enjoyable time ahead with sounds playing in your ears without the fuss.

Sexual Body Language

Whether you are in a relationship or a marriage, sexual body Language is an important skill that you would want to acquire. Simply by using sexual body Language, you would now be able to express your sexual interest towards your partner. On the other hand, you would now be able to evaluate the level of sexual interest that others have towards you through the sexual body language they portray. Isn't that something wonderful? The plus point is such body language isn't very difficult to acquire. All it needs is careful observation and usage of the human five senses.

1. The Eyes

You may have watched movies where sparks of romance fly upon eye contact. While not exactly that simple in real life, a person's gaze towards you and your gaze towards somebody else all have the ability to send subtle messages of sexual desire and eroticism. This often takes the form of a dreamy, prolonged gaze. If you do not know how to do it, do not worry for these methods of gazing come naturally in most instances. When you see your dream date gazing towards you in this manner, it is a clear indication that she has developed sexual interest in you.

2. The Mouth

The mouth is a key part of the body that is often associated with various sexual functions. In general, most people tend to increase their oral activities when they get sexually excited such as eating or drinking faster. Others would prefer to place things into their mouth such as biting a pen or chewing on their nails. In any case, these are some of the more common methods of sexual seduction.

3. Kiss

Kisses are perhaps the strongest indicators of sexual interests. However, kisses do not tend to occur immediately or at ease as in general, human beings are relatively averse of rejection. Possible indicators to look out for include constant touching of the mouth or tilting of your date's head towards you. Seize the opportunity! Such chances do not come everyday. Work slowly by giving a light gentle kiss on the lips. Proceed further if you sense no signs of rejection.

4. The Hands

Is your date placing her hands calmly on the table? Or are her hands involved in a flurry of activities such as playing with her fingers or adjusting her hair constantly? Constant hand movement suggests a substantial degree of excitement on the part of your date.

5. Casual Touching

Does your date seem to be touching you "accidentally" time and again? If that happens, chances are that she is probably sending signals of sexual interest to you. Return the touch by touching casual parts such as her shoulders, head or hands. If this is reciprocated, chances are that you guys are developing sexual interest for one another.

6. Erotic Touching

Humans touch themselves for seductive reasons. Research has shown that men and women alike tend to touch themselves more when they are sexually aroused. Observe carefully to see if your date is constantly touching her arms, hips or thighs for no apparent reason. If you see this happening, chances are she might be sending a sexual signal to you.

There are many sexual body languages waiting for you to explore. You do not need to be a genius to master all of them. Rather, what it often takes is merely detailed observation.